Cross-sectional studies have shown a relationship among plasma 25OHD, hyperglycemia, and the risk of diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) ( 12, 13). This may be mediated through effects of vitamin D on pancreatic β-cell function or insulin resistance ( 10, 11). The skeletal benefits of vitamin D are well established ( 1, 6), but there is evidence to suggest that vitamin D may also play a role in nonskeletal conditions ( 7, 8), including diabetes ( 9).

In pregnant women, the prevalence is even greater ( 4), especially among women with dark skin color or who have other risk factors ( 5). Even in a country with high ultraviolet exposure like Australia, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D level <20 ng/mL ) was 31% among adults age 25 years or older in a recent study ( 3). In the U.S., vitamin D deficiency is prevalent across populations of all age-groups ( 2). It has been estimated that one billion people worldwide are vitamin D deficient ( 1). Vitamin D deficiency has become a common problem globally.

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